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Barring out is the former custom in English schools of barring a schoolmaster from the premises. A typical example of this practice was at the school in Bromfield, Cumbria,〔Cumbria contains what used to be Cumberland County〕 where it was the custom "for the scholars, at Fasting's Even (the beginning of Lent) to depose and exclude the master from the school for three days."〔Hutchinson, William. (The history of the county of Cumberland ). London, 1794. This must be the reference 1911 Britannica is referring to, but a Google search doesn't turn up the quote.〕 During this period the school doors were barricaded and the boys armed with mock weapons. If the master's attempts to re-enter were successful, extra tasks were inflicted as a penalty, and willingly performed by the boys. On the third day terms of capitulation, usually in Latin verse, were signed, and these always conceded the immediate right to indulge in football and a cockfight. The custom was long retained at Eton College and figures in many school stories, including the story "The Barring Out: or Party Spirit" in ''The Parent's Assistant'' by Maria Edgeworth (1796), and the 1948 Billy Bunter story "Barring Out".()) More serious incidents of barring out reportedly took place at The Royal School, Armagh, and Belfast Royal Academy in Northern Ireland; and at the Royal High School, Edinburgh. Dr. Samuel Johnson reports a story that Joseph Addison, when a schoolboy, was the ringleader of a barring out at his school.〔(Samuel Johnson, "Life of Addison", in Lives of the Poets )〕 The custom extended to some early American Colonial schools, such as William and Mary College in Virginia, where students barred out Dr. James Blair and shot at him with pistols when he attempted to enter.〔Stephen Nissenbaum, The Battle for Christmas (Vintage, 1997), 113. ISBN 0-679-74038-4〕 According to David Hackett Fischer, the custom became common in the southern highlands and the Ohio and Mississippi valleys, though occasionally taking place elsewhere in the colonies.〔David Hackett Fischer, ''Albion's Seed'', (Oxford University Press, 1989), 725.〕 Barring out continued in Falstone, a village in Northumberland, until 1940 when the headmaster William Moody, who was unaware of the custom, demanded entrance to his school and the students eventually relented and let him enter. ==Notes== 〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Barring out」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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